Plain language summary
Frailty and pre-frailty are associated with an increased risk of premature mortality. Factors involved in the development of frailty include physical activity, sleep and nutrition. The aim of this 6-month randomised controlled trial was to evaluate the effects of an educational programme on frailty, physical function, physical activity, sleep and nutritional status. 166 community-dwelling individuals aged 65 years or over with frailty or pre-frailty were randomised to either receive a health education programme consisting of 4 group sessions in the first month which included guidelines for physical activity, nutrition and cognitive training as well as the promotion of psychological and social wellbeing and 6 follow-up calls over 6 months or their usual healthcare (control). Compared to the control group, the intervention group had significant reductions in frailty score, exhaustion and fatigue score, increase in gait speed and improvements in various physical function tests. The intervention group also showed significant improvements in mini nutritional assessment compared to the control group although this was not associated with significant changes in anthropometric parameters. There was a significant increase in awakenings in the control group whilst this parameter did not change in the intervention group, whilst there were no changes in other sleep parameters. The authors concluded that the simplicity, affordability and effectiveness of the health education programme may contribute to healthy ageing.
Expert Review
Conflicts of interest:
None
Take Home Message:
To improve frailty and physical functioning, a comprehensive programme may be effective, which includes:
- Nutrition
- Physical exercise
- Cognitive training
- Promotion of social and psychological wellbeing.
Evidence Category:
-
X
A: Meta-analyses, position-stands, randomized-controlled trials (RCTs)
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B: Systematic reviews including RCTs of limited number
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C: Non-randomized trials, observational studies, narrative reviews
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D: Case-reports, evidence-based clinical findings
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E: Opinion piece, other
Summary Review:
Introduction
- Frailty and pre-frailty increase the risk of premature mortality but are reversible
- The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of a health education programme on frailty status in frail or pre-frail older persons.
Methods
- Randomised controlled trial
- Participants: 166 community-dwelling individuals aged 65 years or over with frailty or pre-frailty living in Spain were enrolled, 163 completed the study (80 in intervention and 83 in control group)
- Four weekly group sessions which included guidelines for physical activity, nutrition and cognitive training as well as the promotion of psychological and social wellbeing and 6 follow-up calls over 6 months versus usual healthcare (control).
Results
- Baseline demographics: The educational group consisted of more women (p=0.001), had a younger average age (p=0.019), lower height (p=0.001) and a higher average education level (p=0.013) compared to the control group.
Effects on intervention group:
- Reductions in frailty score (p<0.05 vs baseline and change vs change in control group), with 30% of participants in the intervention group no longer being classified as frail or pre-frail in contrast to none in the control group
- Reductions in fatigue and exhaustion score (p<0.05 vs baseline and change vs change in control group)
- Increase in gait speed and improvements in various physical function tests (all p<0.05 vs baseline and change vs change in control group)
- Improvements in mini nutritional assessment (p<0.001 vs baseline and change vs change in control group)
- Improvement in sleep behaviour demonstrated by an increase in awakenings in the control group (p<0.05 vs baseline and change vs change in intervention group) whilst this parameter did not change in the intervention group.
No effects (vs control) on:
- Anthropometric parameters/unintended weight loss
- Other sleep parameters
- Physical activity expenditure and physical activity score
- Hand grip strength.
Conclusion
This affordable and simple health education programme is effective in reducing frailty in elderly and may contribute to healthy ageing.
Clinical practice applications:
- A comprehensive programme, encompassing not only nutrition, but also exercise, cognitive training and a focus on social and psychological wellbeing may be most effective in improving frailty and physical functioning
- Nutrition intervention, alongside other lifestyle interventions, may have benefits for nutritional status in older adults, even if this is not reflected in a change in anthropometric parameters, such as weight.
Considerations for future research:
- Studies with longer-term follow-up would help evaluate whether/for how long the benefits are sustained.
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The prevalence of frailty is increasing worldwide, emphasizing the importance of prioritizing healthy ageing. To address this, cost-effective and minimally supervised interventions are being sought. This study aimed to assess the impact of an educational program on frailty status, physical function, physical activity, sleep patterns, and nutritional status in community-dwelling older adults with at least 1 Fried's frailty criteria. METHODS A 6-month multicentre randomized controlled trial was conducted from March 2022 to February 2023 in 14 health centres located in Cadiz and Malaga, Spain. The educational intervention consisted of 4 group sessions and 6 follow-up phone calls spread over 6 months. The program focused on educating participants about frailty and its impact on health, providing guidelines for physical activity, healthy dietary habits, cognitive training, psychological well-being and social activities. A total of 163 participants, divided into control (n = 80) and educational groups (n = 83) were assessed before and after the intervention. RESULTS The results showed a significant group-time interaction in the physical function evaluated with a large effect on Short Physical Performance Battery score (η2p = 0.179, -0.1 [-1.2-1.0] points for control group vs. 1.0 [0.0-3.0] points for educational group, p < 0.001), and an effect on the 4-meter gait test ((η2p = 0.122, 0.5 [0.1-0.0] s for control group vs. -0.4 [-0.5- -0.3] s for educational group, p < 0.001), and the 5-repetition sit-to-stand test (η2p = 0.136, 1.0 [0.0-1.2] s for control group vs. -4.3 [-7.0- -2.3] for educational group, p < 0.001). Additionally, the use of accelerometers to assess physical activity, inactivity, and sleep patterns revealed a significant small effect in the number of awakenings at night ((η2p = 0.040, 1.1 [-0.5-3.4] awakenings for control group vs. 0.0 [-2.2-0.0] awakenings for educational group, p = 0.009). The findings also highlighted a significant medium effect regarding malnutrition risk, which was assessed using the Mini-Nutritional Assessment score (η2p = 0.088, -0.7 [-2.3-1.5] points for control group vs. 1.5 [-0.5-3.0] points for educational group, p < 0.001). DISCUSSION Thus, the 6-month educational program effectively improved physical function, sleep patterns, and nutritional status compared to usual healthcare attendance in community-dwelling older adults with frailty or pre-frailty. These findings underscore the potential of minimally supervised interventions in promoting a healthy lifestyle in this vulnerable population.
Methodological quality
Jadad score
:
3
Allocation concealment
:
Not applicable
